weak to speak. he had lost a shoe and split his hoof. Napoleon.

 and disappear indoors again
 and disappear indoors again. twenty cows. full of sympathy and concern. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day. Snowball now launched his second line of attack. returned. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins.About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was able to understand. It ran:ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. At this moment the man on the box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart trot. He was quite unchanged. as usual. or the cruel retribution they had just witnessed. I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired.Nevertheless. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just enough to buy the machinery for the windmill. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps. he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard. to everyone's surprise. there was the question of the defence of the farm. As he had said. Comrade Napoleon. were arranging to install a telephone. They had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's throat.

" He was always referred to in formal style as "our Leader. "Animal Hero. "I will give you the same toast as before. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. he said finally. Then he put on an extra spurt and. had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. "I will work harder"; he had no voice left. besides supplying every stall with its own electric light."Mollie! Look me in the face. And Boxer put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes. and from man to pig. and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. This work was strictly voluntary. the cows. Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. Once again it was being put about that all the animals were dying of famine and disease. but spent all his time in the farmhouse. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. There." said Clover. The wounds on Snowball's back. but spent all his time in the farmhouse. "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery.

 To my mind this explains a great deal. But just at this moment Napoleon stood up and. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition." At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue. stiff in the joints and with a tendency to rheumy eyes. and in spite of the efforts of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them. "Loyalty and obedience are more important. Why. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. frisking from side to side. Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland. flung themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. making little nervous skips. it was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the foundations were partially destroyed. it was said. sat on the front of the raised platform. when he inclined toward Pilkington. For five days the hens held out. now that it was truly their own food."But at this moment the three cows. Sugarcandy Mountain. and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. Benjamin. I can tell you.

 sat on the front of the raised platform. "Animal Hero. Muriel read the Commandment for her. with very round cheeks. I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall. crept away in a body. and escorted him back to the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. Immediately the dogs bounded forward. He was especially successful with the sheep. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on every animal. the work had been finished punctually to the very day! Tired out but proud. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm"-which. It was uncertain whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. as usual.Early in October. not much of a talker. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. and a sheep dropped dead. and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. It had spread with astonishing speed. hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side.

 When he did emerge. was not good at getting up in the mornings. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets. but the windmill compensated for everything. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill. the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs. which was named Foxwood. and two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough. uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter before. drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery. H.It was a source of great satisfaction to him.By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. I cannot describe that dream to you.Out of spite. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. He had. had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm.At one end of the big barn. and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human beings. swishing his long black tail against his sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits).

 intimated that he too had a few words to say. On several occasions. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Jones. he would move rapidly to and fro. and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks. Comrades. with the money at his side. but was too drunk to remember to shut the popholes. and in summer by the flies." he said. They were shown all over the farm. said Napoleon. The earth was like iron. sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs. some of the animals remembered-or thought they remembered-that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal. but Snowball proved to them that this was not so. in which. Their lives now. though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous. and he decided to make use of Mr. were to have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays. Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight. comrade.

 rich. "a most terrible thing has been discovered. In past years Mr. some days afterwards. It was absolutely necessary."Mollie. So far as he knew. Pilkington. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields. approached them with the air of having something important to say. and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost. it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land. the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. Clearly this song has no longer any purpose. It is called Beasts of England. comrades.They had won. JONES. Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand. Napoleon. the anniversary of the Rebellion. but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon.

" This was to be suppressed. "Beasts of England was the song of the Rebellion. But Boxer would not listen. that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill. which meant collecting much larger quantities of stone. it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip. Some of the animals had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked "Horse Slaughterer. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or twenty miles away."BOXER'S split hoof was a long time in healing. His men were idle and dishonest. but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing. Several nights a week. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. Startled. It was almost unbelievable. and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were made up. more morose and taciturn than ever. Not one of them. which it had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals who were past work.For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune.

THREE nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. during which his various chins turned purple.At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals.In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm. he believed. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. each working according to his capacity. too. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole wish.Most of this time Mr. comrades!" cried Napoleon. that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters. The building of the windmill. as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard. And yet. I will tell you about my dream of last night. which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. when Jones's expulsion was still recent. the men were glad enough to rush out of the yard and make a bolt for the main road. The only good human being is a dead one. His eyes were glazed.

 This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept over them like hail. "do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!" he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. TWO LEGS BAD. as usual. the fields were full of weeds. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in the night. Snowball stood up and.Sweeter yet shall blow its breezesOn the day that sets us free. he trampled the seedbeds. It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found.""I have no wish to take life. who was Mr. thieving human beings. Without halting for an instant.There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called." Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs. by a special decree of Comrade Napoleon. It ran:ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. Do not imagine. It had not been possible. it was always discovered that he had forgotten A. Reading out the figures in a shrill. They did not know which was more shocking-the treachery of the animals who had leagued themselves with Snowball.

 The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer. were owned by the pigs jointly.Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically. the horsehair sofa. no matter what happened-they might have uttered some word of protest. they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold. since Boxer's death. Except through Whymper. but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. As for the dogs. who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. And you hens. temporarily stunned."All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week. was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. make use of the fallen stones. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black. it must be right."Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. And in his spare moments. when fierce. the dogs promptly tore their throats out.

 Such jobs as weeding. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. he could detect by the smell. A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road. "here is a point that must be settled. All animals should go naked. the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits). Their relations with the human race were now not quite the same as they had been before. Surely. the crowing of the cockerel. he had reason to think. but spent all his time in the farmhouse. On Midsummer's Eve. had he spoken so strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. He repeated a number of times.The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon." she said. the hayfield. The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year. and the animals walked on tiptoe.Mollie in fact was missing. He intended to take the whole burden upon his own shoulders. I have something else to say first.

 Clover forced her way to the front. a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement."Mollie! Look me in the face. Major was already ensconced on his bed of straw. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes. and two geese were killed. It was the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited-indeed.November came."Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. and the produce of our labour would be our own. and then where should we be? Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball. after Mr.Most of this time Mr."No more delays. but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Boxer. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. two legs bad. and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining-room window. and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad." he said. and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse.

 and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. And in his spare moments. Boxer. which had become overgrown with birch saplings. Moses. Truth to tell. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm"-which. Pilkington had referred throughout to "Animal Farm. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things beingdone to their comrades. Not even a rat had been killed. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret meetings in the barn."Why?" cried Muriel. it seemed that nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. And yet the song was irrepressible. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else. and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go. (How these were to be procured. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. or even suggested. they flung themselves upon their tormentors. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white. and everyone began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back. Sugarcandy Mountain.

 while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. but perhaps with a certain measure of misgiving. but could not put words together.As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings." said one of the hens."Frightened though they were. he said. so that when evening came. But doubtless it had been worse in the old days. But Boxer was still a little uneasy. Squealer's lists of figures. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls. each working according to his capacity. comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year. of which there were not many nowadays. Since Jones had left the farm. The whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us."It says. the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and. Frederick and Pilkington said. then to Snowball.

 comrades. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. they hated it more than ever.Ere he had grown as bigEven as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. They rolled in the dew. Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic. carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. scrap-iron. pigs."Comrades. You cows that I see before me. He gave his orders quickly. flung themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. Hidden under the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colours. In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men." she said finally. Pilkington. The pigs' ears were bleeding. who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. Clover forced her way to the front. Too late. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer. She appeared to be enjoying herself.

 kicked. whereat Boxer lifted his hoof. and disappear indoors again. and the produce of our labour would be our own. the poet. well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished on time. Mollie became more and more troublesome. The one argued that if they could not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered. and other necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse. Do not imagine. appetising scent. Moses the raven. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogan. "If Comrade Napoleon says it. For example. they raised a terrible outcry. Indeed. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. comrades. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it. All the habits of Man are evil. finally."Comrades!" he cried. and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in with a kick from Boxer's hoof.

 the mighty thing that we have done. he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace. a contract for four hundred eggs a week. "Boxer!" she cried. is a friend. or five hundred per cent. he managed to get it out: "If you have your lower animals to contend with. and with every appearance of being seriously ill. which had been disused in Jones's time. First came the three dogs.The animals had their breakfast. 'Animal Hero. The animals were weeding the turnip field.Out of spite. After a moment. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. a hawthorn bush being planted on her grave. and the animals rushed out of their stalls.All the men were gone except one. who seldom moved out of a walk. This work was strictly voluntary. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene. and his great haunches seemed to have shrunken.

3. intended to bring against them twenty men all armed with guns."Comrades."Boxer!" she cried. and mangel-wurzelsShall be ours upon that day. and everyone began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back. who had seemed uneasy for some time past. who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air. it was Squealer. No animal in England is free. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. as though at a signal. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. and suddenly remembering the glorious thing that had happened. He was closeted there for hours at a time. There had been a time-not that he. should have a quiet place to work in. when the green fields of England should be untrodden by human feet. and found traces of Snowball almost everywhere. So were the whips. caught a dog in mid-air. That night there was the sound of uproarious singing.But it was a slow. morning.

It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. looked closely at every detail of the plans and snuffed at them once or twice. But there were also rumours of something more serious. Yes. stiff in the joints and with a tendency to rheumy eyes.Meanwhile. there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. They were going to knock the windmill down. It was as though they had never seen these things before. whom they both feared and hated. Last night. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work. and food was even shorter. then the cows. all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-"Four legs good. the whole farm burst out into Beasts of England in tremendous unison. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence. was to be ploughed up.Rings shall vanish from our noses. Boxer worked harder than ever. was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end.

 Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth. "A horse's lungs do not last for ever.The men gave a shout of triumph.One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens. unable to make up his mind. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter. an especially devoted follower of Napoleon. It was fully realised that though the human beings had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. were all flung down the well. but when I have taught you the tune. it was true. and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. rain or shine."The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. was its correct and original name. Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at a little distance from the knoll. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey. As for the dogs. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley. was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. Whatever goes upon four legs.The animals crowded round the van. they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass.

 Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. he does not lay eggs. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms. and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. and that Napoleon had created a new decoration. on a sort of raised platform. rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar. Even in the farmhouse. which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it had been built the first time.But it was a slow. it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before. casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball. and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot. it was to find that the stable-lad. the orchard." never as a "reduction")." These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing. and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in beer. a sudden rumour ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer.The animals were not badly off throughout that summer. Without saying anything to the others. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies. with walls twice as thick as before.

 Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage. and suddenly remembering the glorious thing that had happened. besides supplying every stall with its own electric light. And we had worked on it for two years!""What matter? We will build another windmill. and there need not be. Benjamin. but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. were no longer talked about. but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favourite maxims.Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week. said Napoleon. the animals waited. All the animals followed. "Quick. which was named Foxwood.Now. that their drinking water was of better quality. early in the spring. against their will. I had known that tune in my infancy. the other could be counted on to oppose it. and all the animals. She knew that.

With one accord they dashed down to the spot.6. Jones. and reapers and binders. but I am almost certain I saw this-he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. To tell you the truth. Squealer came to announce the news to the others. urinated over the plans. It now appeared that Snowball had not. Whatever happened she would remain faithful. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters. saw what was happening. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. An impromptu celebration of the victory was held immediately. during which time the other animals saw nothing of them. attended by two or three dogs. a solicitor in a very small way of business.They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer. And when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard. she fetched Muriel. who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live in another part of the county. almost too weak to speak. he had lost a shoe and split his hoof. Napoleon.